Reproduction in Plants

                                          Reproduction

• In reproduction a living organism give rise  a new offspring which is similar to it.
• The nucleus of the cell contain DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid) which is the heredity material.
• DNA is able to replicate and it forms new cells causing variations,that's the reason of cells genetically similar but identically not.
• Variation is necessary for the evolution and the survival of the species over time.

Types of reproduction  

 Asexual reproduction:

• In asexual reproduction a single individual participate and produced a new individual without the involvement of  gametes and new individual is identically similar (clone) to the parent.
• Asexual reproduction is a rapid reproduction as compared to sexual reproduction and it is mainly adopted by lower plants.

Sexual reproduction:

• In sexual reproduction two individual participate (with opposite sex) and give rise to a new individual with the involvement of male and female gametes fusion.
• In sexual reproduction the new individual is genetically similar but identically not. 

Modes of Asexual reproduction

1. Fission:It means breaking.In this method parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. There are two types of it a)Binary fission and b)Multiple fission.
2. Fragmentation:In this method a organism breaks-up into small small pieces which are called fragments and each fragment develops into a new individual e.g. Spirogyra.
3. Regeneration:In regeneration if a organism get cut into pieces,each piece of the organism grow and develop into a complete organism e.g. Planaria.
4. Budding:In budding a bud is develop on a small outgrowth surface of the parent which get detached at the time of complete development (till that all the nutrition the bud take from the parent e.g. Hydra.
5. Vegetative propagation:In this method new plants develops from the vegetative parts.It is mainly divided in two types first Natural and second is Artificial.

     

          Natural:

       a)By roots e.g. sweet potato.

      b)By stem e.g. potato,ginger.

     c)By leaves e.g. bryophyllum.

          Artificial:

         a)Grafting e.g. mango.

        b)Cutting e.g. rose.

       c)Layering e.g. jasmine. 

      d)Tissue culture e.g. orchid

     Some benefits of tissue culture

                               With the help of this method we can grow those plants who lost their capacity to produce seeds like banana, rose and jasmine etc.And these plants are genetically similar to the parents.

      6.Spore formation:These are small structure which are covered by thick hard wall.Spores germinate only in favourable condition till than they are protected by theid thick hard wall.